Hieroglyphs have great many of letters with the images of two letters or more overlapped. For brailling such letters, you put a ligative sign below between the signs of the two letters.
Ligative sign | Meaning | Usage |
-- OO O- |
Vertical and horizontal | A vertically long letter with another (typically horizontally long) letter overlapped |
-- OO -O |
Horizontal and vertical | A horizontally long letter with another (typically vertically long) letter overlapped |
Actually you logically do not need the distinction between vertical and horizontal but these dare be distinguished for the awareness of the information of shapes of letters which is needed for putting the locational signs mentioned later properly. However, you use the ligative sign of "V and H" if it is hard to know if it is vertically or horizontally long.
When a letter has some images of a same shape, you use ligative signs if the images touch one another, or a distinctive sign of dual or plural if not to generate the braille of the letter.
You can use another ligative sign to a sign with ligative signs to generate a braille sign for another letter. A braille string for one letter can be very long especially because the brailles for letters for humans are generated with ligative sign for their behavior of hands and feet and their belongings.
You can put a distinctive sign before a sign with ligative signs to generate a braille sign for another letter. If the first sign of a braille string is a distinctive sign of dual or plural, the distinctive sign is regarded to affect not only the first factor of the braille string but the whole of it.
The followings are some examples of brailles with ligative signs.
Code / Name | Glyph | Braille | Code / Name | Glyph | Braille | Ligative sign | Code / Name | Glyph | Braille |
M1 | |
O- O- -O -- -O -- |
M3 | |
O- -O OO OO -O O- |
-- OO O- |
M1A | |
O- O- -- O- -O -O -- OO OO OO -O -- O- -O O- |
Tree | Branch | Tree and branch | |||||||
N26 | |
-O O- OO O- -O O- |
N5 | |
O- O- OO -O OO O- |
-- OO -O |
N27 | |
-O O- -- O- O- OO O- OO OO -O -O O- -O OO O- |
Mountain | Sun | Mountain and the sun | |||||||
G1 | |
O- -- -- |
G1 | |
O- -- -- |
-- OO O- |
G2 | |
O- -- O- -- OO -- -- O- -- |
Vulture | Vulture | Two vultures | |||||||
V30 | |
OO O- -O O- OO -- |
G47 | |
OO O- -- -O -O O- |
-- OO -O |
G48 | |
OO O- -- -- OO O- -O O- OO OO -- -O OO -- -O -- -O O- |
Basket without handle | Chick | Nest with three chicks | |||||||
A1 | |
-O -O O- |
D28 | |
O- O- O- -- OO -- |
-- OO O- |
A70 | |
-O -- O- O- -O OO O- -- O- O- OO -- |
Sitting man | Arms raised high | Sitting man with both arms raised high |
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Tentative Proposal for Brailling the Egyptian Hieroglyphs :
Braille Research :
Japanese Language Research :
REMWIN Institute :
Jewelryeyes Consortium :